Now learn from me with attentive minds the division of living beings and things without life, which a monk must know who is to exert himself in self-control. (1)

The living beings and the things without life make up this world; but the space where only things without life are found is called the non-world. (2)

The living beings and the things without life will be described with reference to 1. substance, 2. place, 3. time, and 4. development. (3)

A. Things without life.

Things without life are 1. possessing form, 2. formless; the formless things are of ten kinds, those possessing form are of four kinds. (4)

1 The ten kinds of formless things: 1. the principle of motion, 2. its divisions, 3. its indivisible parts; 4. the principle of rest, 5. its divisions, 6. its indivisible parts; 7. space, 8. its divisions, 9. its indivisible parts, and 10. time. (5, 6)

The principle of motion and the principle of rest are co-extensive with the world; space fills the world and the non-world; time exists in what is called the place of time. (7)

The principle of motion, the principle of rest, and space endure by the will of God throughout the term of the world. (8)

And time also, if regarded as a continuous flow, endures in the same way; but with regard to an individual thing it has a beginning and an end. (9)

2 The four kinds of things possessing form are 1. compound things, 2. their divisions, 3. their indivisible parts, and 4. atoms. (10)

Compound things and atoms occur as individual things and apart from others, in the whole world and in parts of the world; this is their distribution with regard to place. (11)

Subtile things occur all over the world, gross things only in a part of it.

I shall now give their fourfold division with regard to time. (12)

With regard to the continuous flow of a thing it endures while the world lasts; but with regard to its existence as an individual thing it has both a beginning and an end. (13)

The longest duration of things without life possessing form is an immeasurable period; the shortest one moment. (14)

The longest interruption in the existence of things without life possessing form is an endless time; the shortest one moment. (15)

Their development is fivefold: with regard to 1. colour, 2. smell, 3. taste, 4. touch, and 5. figure. (16)

Those which develop with regard to colour are of five kinds: 1. black, 2. blue, 3. red, 4. yellow, 5. white. (17)

Those which develop with regard to smell are of two kinds: 1. sweet-smelling substances, and 2. of bad smell. (18)

Those which develop with regard to taste are of five kinds: 1. bitter, 2. pungent, 3. astringent, 4. sour, and 5. sweet. (19)

Those which develop with regard to touch are of eight kinds: 1. hard, 2. soft, 3. heavy, 4. light, 5. cold, 6. hot, 7. smooth, and 8. rough.

In this way the substances have been declared, which develop with regard to touch. (20, 21)

Those which develop with regard to figure are of five kinds: 1. globular, 2. circular, 3. triangular, 4. square, and 5. long. (22)

Things of black colour are subdivided with regard to smell, taste, touch, and figure. (23)

The same subdivision holds good with blue, red, yellow, and white things. (24-27)

Things of sweet smell are subdivided with regard to colour, taste, touch, and figure; things of bad smell are similarly subdivided. (28, 29)

Things of bitter taste are subdivided with regard to colour, smell, touch, and figure. (30)

The same subdivision holds good with pungent, astringent, sour, and sweet things. (31-34)

Things of hard touch are subdivided with regard to colour, smell, taste, and figure. (35)

The same subdivision holds good with soft, heavy, light, cold, hot, smooth, and rough things. (36-42)

Things of globular figure are subdivided with regard to colour, smell, taste, and touch. (43)

The same subdivision holds good with circular, triangular, square, and long things. (44-47)

Thus the division of things without life has briefly been told.

B. Living Beings.

I shall now, in due order, deliver the division of living beings. (48)

Living beings are of two kinds: 1. those still belonging to the world, and 2. the perfected souls. The latter are of many kinds; hear me explain them. (49)

1 The perfected souls are those of women, men, hermaphrodites, of orthodox, heterodox, and householders. (50)

Perfection is reached by people of the greatest, smallest, and middle size, on high places, underground, on the surface of the earth, in the ocean, and in water of rivers and the like. (51)

Ten hermaphrodites reach, at the same time, perfection, twenty women, one hundred and eight men; four householders, ten heterodox, and one hundred and eight orthodox monks. (52, 53)

Two individuals of the greatest size reach perfection simultaneously, four of the smallest size, and one hundred and eight of the middle size. (54)

Four individuals reach perfection simultaneously on high places, two in the ocean, three in water, twenty underground, and one hundred and eight on the surface of the earth. (55)

From where are the perfected souls debarred? Where do the perfected souls reside? Where do they leave their bodies, and where do they go, on reaching perfection? (56)

Perfected souls are debarred from the non-world; they reside on the top of the world; they leave their bodies here below, and go there, on reaching perfection. (57)

Twelve yojanas above the heavenly mansion Sarvartha is the place called Ishatpragbhara, which has the form of an umbrella; there the perfected souls go. (58)

It is forty-five hundred thousand yojanas long, and as many broad, and it is somewhat more than three times as many in circumference. (59)

Its thickness is eight yojanas, it is greatest in the middle, and decreases toward the margin, till it is thinner than the wing of a fly. (60)

This place, by nature pure, consisting of white gold, resembles in form an open umbrella, as has been said by the best of the righteous guides. (61)

Above it is a pure blessed place called Sita, which is white like a conch-shell, the Anka-stone, and Kunda-flowers; a yojana thence is the end of the world. (62)

The perfected souls penetrate the sixth part of the uppermost krosa of the above-mentioned yojana. (63)

There at the top of the world reside the blessed perfected souls, rid of all suffering, and arrived at the excellent state of perfection. (64)

The dimension of a perfected soul is two-thirds of the height which the individual had in his last existence. (65)

The perfected souls, considered singly, as individuals, have a beginning but no end; considered collectively, as a class, they endure. (66)

They have no visible form, they consist of life throughout, they are developed into knowledge and faith, and they possess paramount happiness which admits of no comparison. (67)

They all dwell in one part of the world, and have developed into knowledge and faith, they have crossed the boundary of worldly existence, and reached the excellent state of perfection. (68)

2 Living beings which still belong to the world, are of two kinds: a. movable, and b. immovable ones: the immovable ones are of three kinds: (69)

a. Earth Lives, b. Water Lives, and c. plants; these are the three kinds of immovable living beings; now learn from me their subdivision. (70)

a. The Earth Lives are of two kinds: subtile and gross; and both of them are either fully developed or undeveloped. (71)

The gross and fully developed are of two kinds: smooth or rough. The smooth ones are of seven kinds: (72)

Black, blue, red, yellow, white, pale dust, and clay.

The rough ones are of thirty-six kinds: (73)

Earth, gravel, sand, stones, rocks, rock-salt, iron, copper, tin, lead, silver, gold, and diamond; (74)

Orpiment, vermilion, realgar, Sasaka, antimony, coral, Abhrapatala, Abhravalukas; these are varieties of gross earth-bodies and kinds of precious stones. (75)

Hyacinth, natron, Anka, crystal, Lohitaksha, emerald, Masaragalla, Bhujamocaka, and sapphire; (76)

Chandana, red chalk, Hamsagarbha, Pulaka, and sulphur; Chandraprabha, lapis lazuli, Jalakanta, and Suryakanta. (77)

These thirty-six kinds of rough earth have been enumerated. The subtile earth is but of one kind, as there is no variety. (78)

The subtile species is distributed all over the world, but the gross one is found in a part of the world only.

I shall now give their fourfold division with regard to time. (79)

With regard to the continuous flow of an earth-body it endures while the world lasts; but with regard to its existence in its present form it has both a beginning and end. (80)

Twenty-two thousand years is the longest duration of the Earth Lives; its shortest is less than a muhurta. (81)

The longest duration of the body of Earth Lives, if they do not leave that kind of body, is an immeasurable time; the shortest is less than one muhurta. (82)

The longest interval between an Earth Life's leaving its body till its return to it, is an endless time; the shortest less than one muhurta. (83)

Their varieties, caused by difference of colour, smell, taste, touch, figure, and place, are counted by thousands. (84)

b. The Water Lives are of two kinds: subtile and gross ones; and both of them are either fully developed or undeveloped. (85)

The gross and fully developed ones are of five kinds: pure water, dew, exudations, fog, and ice. (86)

The subtile water is of one kind, as there is no variety. The subtile species is distributed all over the world, but the gross one is found in a part of the world only. (87)

With regard to the continuous flow, and the rest, as in verse 80.

Seven thousand years is the longest duration of the life of Water Lives, and the rest as in verse 81. All that has been said of Earth Lives in verses 82-84 is verbally repeated here of Water Lives. (88-92)

c. Plants are of two kinds: subtile and gross ones; and both of them are either fully developed or undeveloped. (93)

The gross and fully developed plants are of two kinds: either many have one body in common, or each has its own body. (94)

Those who severally have their own body are of many kinds: trees, shrubby plants, shrubs, big plants, creeping plants, grass; (95)

Palms, plants of knotty stems or stalks, mushrooms, water-plants, annual plants, and herbs. These are called plants possessing severally their own body. (96)

Those plants of which many have one body in common are of many kinds: Aluya, Mulaya, ginger; (97)

Harili, Sirili, Sassirili, Javai, Keyakandali, onion, garlic, plantain-tree, Kuduvvaya; (98)

Lohinihuya, Thihuya, Thuhaga, Kanha, Vajrakanda, Suranaya; (99)

Assakanni, Sihakanni, Musundhi, turmeric, and many others besides. (100)

The subtile plants are of one kind, as there is no variety. Subtile plants are distributed all over the world, gross plants are found in a part of the world only. (101)

With regard to the continuous flow, and the rest, as in verse 80. (102)

Ten thousand years is the longest duration of the life of plants, and the rest. All as in verses 81-84. Substitute plants, which are here called vanaspati and panaka, for earth-bodies. (103-106)

Thus the three kinds of immovable living beings have briefly been told. I shall now explain in due order the three kinds of movable living beings. (107)

b. The movable beings are a. the Fire Lives, b. the Wind Lives, and c. those with an organic body; these are the three kinds of movable beings. Learn from me their subdivision. (108)

a. The Fire Lives are of two kinds: subtile and gross ones; and both of them are either fully developed or undeveloped. (109)

The gross and fully developed ones are of many kinds: coal, burning chaff, fire, and flame of fire; (110)

Meteors, and lightning, and many other kinds besides.

The subtile Fire Lives are but of one kind, as there is no variety. (111)

The subtile species, and the rest; see verses 79-84. Substitute Fire Lives for Earth Lives. In verses 114 f., corresponding to verses 81, 89, and 103, read: the longest duration of the life of Fire Lives is three days, and the rest as above. (112-117)

b. The Wind Lives are of two kinds, and the rest as in verse 109. (118)

The gross and fully developed ones are of five kinds: squalls, whirlwinds, thick winds, high winds, low winds; (119)

And the Samvartaka wind, and the rest; thus they are of many kinds.

The subtile Wind Lives are but of one kind, as there is no variety. (120)

The subtile species, and the rest as above, 79-84. Substitute Wind Lives for Earth Lives. In verse 123, corresponding to 114, read: the longest duration of the life of Wind Lives is three thousand years; the rest as above. (121-126)

c. Movable beings with organic bodies, that is animals, are of four kinds: i. those possessing two organs of sense, ii. those with three organs, iii. those with four organs, iv. those with five organs. (127)

i. Beings with two organs of sense are of two kinds: subtile and gross ones. Both are either fully developed or undeveloped. Learn from me their subdivision. (128)

Worms, Somangala, Alasa, Matrivahaka, Vasimukha, shells, conches, Sankhanaka; (129)

Palloya, Anullaya, cowries, leeches, Jalaga, and Chandana. (130)

These and others are the many kinds of beings with two organs of sense. All of them live in a part of the world only, they do not live everywhere. (131)

With regard to the continuous flow, and the rest as in verse 80. (132)

The duration of the life of beings with two organs of sense is twelve years at the utmost; the shortest is less than a muhurta. (133)

The longest duration of the body of beings with two organs of sense is a measurable time if they do not leave that kind of body; the shortest is less than one muhurta. (134)

135, 136 are as 83, 84. Substitute beings with two organs of sense for Earth Lives.

ii. Beings with three organs of sense are of two kinds: subtile and gross ones. Both are either fully developed or undeveloped. Learn from me their subdivision. (137)

Kunthu, ants, bugs, Ukkala, white ants, Tanahara, Kashtahara, Maluga, Pattahara; (138)

Duga shining like lead, which originate in the kernel of the cotton-seed, Sadavari, centipedes, Indagaiya; (139)

Cochineal, and the rest. Thus they are of many kinds.

All of them live in a part of the world only, they do not live everywhere. (140)

141-145 as 132-136. Substitute beings with three organs of sense. The longest duration, and the rest, is forty-nine days, verse 142 as 133.

iii. Beings with four organs of sense are of two kinds: subtile and gross ones. Both are either developed or undeveloped. Learn from me their subdivision. (146)

Andhiya, Pottiya, flies, mosquitoes, bees, moths, Dhinkana and Kankana; (147)

Kukkuda, Singiriti, Nandavatta, scorpions, Bola, crickets, Virali, Achchhiveha; (148)

Achchhila, Sahaya, Achchhiroyaya, Vichitta, Vichittapattaya, Uhinjaliya, Jalakari, Niya, and Tantavagaiya. (149)

These and others are the beings with four organs of sense. All of them, and the rest as in verses 131-136. Substitute beings with four organs of sense. The longest duration, and the rest, is six months, verse 152 as 133. (150-155)