First Lesson

He who is awakened amongst men, preaches; the man to whom all these classes of creatures are well known, preaches the unparalleled wisdom. He praises the road to salvation for those who well exert themselves, who have forsworn cruelty, are zealous and endowed with knowledge. Thus some great heroes are victorious; but, look, some others who are wanting in self-control do not understand the welfare of their souls. Thus I say. (1)

As in a lake a greedy leaf-covered tortoise cannot rise up; as the trees do not leave their place though shaken by storms: thus men, born in various families, cry bitterly because they are attached to the objects of the senses; on account of their sinfulness they do not reach salvation. (2)

Now look at those who are afflicted as the fruit of their own acts:

Boils and leprosy, consumption, falling sickness, blindness and stiffness, lameness and humpbackedness,

Dropsy and dumbness, look! apoplexy and eye-disease, trembling and crippledness, elephantiasis and diabetes,

These are the sixteen diseases enumerated in due order; besides them many illnesses and wounds occur.

Contemplating their death, knowing their states, high and low, contemplating the fruit of their acts, hear about this according to truth.

There are said to be blind beings dwelling in darkness; once or frequently meeting this lot, they experience pleasant and unpleasant feelings. This has been declared by the awakened ones. (3) There are creatures endowed with voice, with taste, creatures dwelling in water, creatures living in the air: "creatures torment creatures. See the great danger in this world;" many pains are the lot of the creatures. Men who are given to their lusts, come to destruction through their weak, frail body. "The fool works hard, thinking that the unhappy one suffers many pains." "Knowing that these diseases are many, should the afflicted search after remedies?" See! they are of no avail, have done with them! Sage! see this great danger! Do not hurt anybody! Contemplate. Be attentive! I shall proclaim the doctrine of renunciation. (4)

In these various families they are born, they increase, grow up, become awakened, and leave the world in due order as great sages. The lamenting parents say to them who proceed on the glorious road: "Do not leave us!" (5) Consulting their own pleasure, indulging their passions, making a noise, the parents cry: "No man who leaves his parents is fit to become a flood-crossing sage!" The devotee does not take refuge there in his family; for what could attract him there?

He should always maintain this knowledge! Thus I say. (6)

Second Lesson

Though some know the misery of the world, have relinquished their former connections, have given up ease, live in chastity, and, whether devotee or layman, thoroughly understand the law, they are not able to persevere in a devout life. The ill-disposed, giving up the robe, alms-bowl, blanket, and broom, do not bear the continuous hardships that are difficult to bear. He who prefers pleasures will, now or after a short time, be deprived of the body and suffer for a long time. And thus they do not cross over, for the sake of these pleasures which entail evil consequences and are associated with others of their kind. (1)

But some who embrace the law, will practise it, being careful about its outward signs; not giving way to worldliness, but being firm. Knowing and renouncing all lust, a devout man becomes a great sage when he breaks all bonds, thinking: Nothing belongs to me. A man who, thinking, "I have nothing to do with anybody else," exerts himself for this creed, ceases to act wrongly, is houseless, walks about bald-headed. The naked, fasting devotee, who combats the flesh, will be abused, or struck, or hurt; he will be upbraided with his former trade, or reviled with untrue reproaches. Accounting for this treatment by his former sins, knowing pleasant and unpleasant occurrences, he should patiently wander about. Quitting all worldliness one should bear all disagreeable feelings, being possessed of the right view. (2) Those are called naked, who in this world, never returning to a worldly state, follow my religion according to the commandment. This highest doctrine has here been declared for men. Delighted with this, destroying the effect of evil works, he will successively give up sinfulness, after having come to a knowledge of it. Here in our religion some live as single mendicants. Therefore a wise man should lead the life of a devotee by collecting pure alms or any alms in all sorts of families. "If the food be of good or bad smell, or if dreadful beasts inflict pain on other beings"—all that happens to you, you will firmly bear it. Thus I say. (3)

Third Lesson

A sage who is well instructed in the law and leads a life of abstinence, is always a destroyer of the effects of evil works. To a mendicant who is little clothed and firm in self-control, it will not occur to think: My clothes are torn, I shall beg for new clothes; I shall beg for thread; I shall beg for a needle; I shall mend my clothes; I shall darn them; I shall repair them; I shall put them on; I shall wrap myself in them. (1)

The unclothed one, who excels in this abstinence, will often be molested by sharp blades of grass, by cold, heat, gnats, and mosquitoes. The unclothed one, who effects scarcity of his wants, bears these and various other hardships. He is fit for penance, as has been declared by the Venerable One. Understanding this in all respects and with his whole mind, he should perfectly know righteousness. The great heroes, the messengers of old, who for a long time walked in righteousness in the former years, the worthy ones, bore the troubles mentioned above; endowed with perfect knowledge they had lean arms and very little flesh and blood. He who discontinues to sin and is enlightened, is said to have crossed over, to be saved, and to have ceased from wrongful acts. Thus I say. (2)

But can discontent lay hold of a devotee, who has ceased to act wrongly and leads a devout life, for a long time controlling himself? He advances in his spiritual career and exerts himself. As an island which is never covered with water, so is the law taught by the noble ones, a safe refuge for those in danger. They are free from desires, free from murder, beloved, wise, learned. For their benefit has been the exertion of the Venerable One; as birds feed their young ones, so are the disciples regularly to be instructed day and night. Thus I say. (3)

Fourth Lesson

The disciples are thus regularly instructed, day and night, by the knowledge-endowed great heroes, receiving knowledge from them. Some, being seduced from the calmness of the mind, adopt rough manners. Some, living in chastity, dispute the authority of the teacher, others hear and understand his words; they intend to lead a godly life, but having left the world, they are not qualified for a devout life. Others, being incensed by lusts, greedy, sensual, "do not care for abstract meditation and religious instruction: these men speak harshly unto the teacher." It is a second folly of the slow-minded to call virtuous, calm, religiously living men worthless.

Some, turning from self-control, assign its difficulty as their reason for doing so; others, falling from the pure knowledge and defiling the creed, though not without devotion, for the love of life change their vows. "When they feel the hardships of a devout life they slide back, for their love of life." Their leaving the world is a bad leaving. (1)

Those who deserve to be called fools, go astray again and again. Standing low in learning or self-control they will exalt themselves and say in their pride: I am learned. They speak harshly unto the passionless; they upbraid them with their former trades, or revile them with untrue reproaches. The wise, therefore, should know the law. Thou lovest unrighteousness, because thou art young, and lovest acts, and sayest: "Kill beings," thou killest them or consentest to their being killed by others. Such a man thinks contemptuously: A very severe religion has been proclaimed. Sinking in opposition to the law, he is called murderer. Thus I say. (2)

Some think: What have I to do with this or that man? Thus they set aside kith and kin, like heroes exerting themselves, free from murder. Look! the pious and calm become desponding; the rising, cast down. Those troubled with sensuality, the cowardly men become perverters of the faith. Therefore the reputation of some becomes bad. He is an apostate! He is an apostate! (3)

Look! Some, though living with religious, pious, calm, and worthy devotees, are not religious, nor pious, nor calm, nor worthy. Knowing them, the learned, the wise, the steadfast hero will always be victorious through the right faith. Thus I say. (4)

Fifth Lesson

Staying in or between houses, in or between villages, in or between towns, in or between counties, a devotee is attacked by murderers, or is subject to the hardships of a mendicant's life. A hero should bear these hardships. (1)

A saint, with right intuition, who cherishes compassion for the world, in the east, west, south, and north, should preach, spread, and praise the faith, knowing the sacred lore. He should proclaim it among those who exert themselves, and those who do not, among those who are willing to hear the word. (2)

Not neglecting tranquillity, indifference, patience, salvation, purity, uprightness, gentleness, and freedom from worldly cares, one should, with due consideration, preach the law of the devotees to all sorts of creatures. (3)

With due consideration preaching the law of the devotees, one should do no injury to one's self, nor to anybody else, nor to any of the four kinds of living beings. But a great sage, neither injuring nor injured, becomes a shelter for all sorts of afflicted creatures, even as an island, which is never covered with water. (4)

Thus a man who exerts himself, and is of a steady mind, without attachment, unmoved by passion but restless in wandering about, having no worldly desires, should lead the life of a devotee.

Having contemplated the beautiful law, the discerning one is saved.

Therefore look at worldliness, ye men, fettered in fetters!

Those whom lust conquers, sink; therefore do not shrink from the hard self-control! He who knows and renounces perfectly and thoroughly these injurious acts, from whom the injurers do not shrink, "who has shaken off wrath, pride," delusion, and greed, "he is called a removed one." Thus I say. (5)

On the decay of the body he does not despond, but deserves his appellation, "the leader of the battle." The sage who has reached the other side, unafflicted and unmoved like a beam, being in the power of death, patiently awaits death as the dissolution of the body. Thus I say. (6)

End of the Sixth Lecture, called the Cleaning.